ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Caffeine is widely used in preterm infants to prevent or treat apnoea of prematurity. Adverse gastrointestinal effects of caffeine have not been thoroughly researched in preterm infants. With this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to summarise the results of trials on the gastrointestinal effects of caffeine in preterm infants. DESIGN: We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov up to 21 April 2023. We included randomised controlled trials assessing caffeine versus placebo in preterm neonates and reporting gastrointestinal side effects. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. A Bayesian meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled OR of gastrointestinal side effects. RESULTS: Nine trials involving 2746 preterm infants were analysed. Seven trials assessing necrotising enterocolitis and four trials assessing feeding intolerance in our meta-analysis found no differences between caffeine and placebo (OR=1.007 (95% credible interval 0.021, 5.462), I2=97.4%, and OR=1.266 (95% credible interval 0.064, 28.326), I2=84.8%, respectively). Four trials assessed the outcomes spontaneous intestinal perforation, constipation, gastrointestinal disorder (composite outcome: gastro-oesophageal regurgitation or dilated bowel loops), age at oral feeding and cholestasis syndrome and found no differences between groups. One trial assessed the outcomes gastro-oesophageal symptoms and duration of tube feeding and found that caffeine was associated with a reduced burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms at 2 weeks (p<0.05), but not at term. CONCLUSIONS: According to this systematic review and meta-analysis, the use of caffeine at usual doses in preterm infants does not seem to be associated with significant gastrointestinal adverse effects.
ABSTRACT
Esta tese investiga a produção e circulação de evidências científicas sobre a transmissão do SARS-CoV-2, com ênfase no debate científico em torno da transmissão viral por aerossóis e a implicação de diferentes entendimentos nas práticas de prevenção adotadas ao redor do mundo. De cunho etnográfico, a pesquisa foi conduzida a partir da hashtag #covidisairborne, de importante repercussão entre cientistas e ativistas na rede social Twitter, e analisou diversos materiais digitais como artigos científicos, entrevistas, newsletters e tuítes publicados sobre o tema na rede conforme circulavam no campo, além de acompanhar o trabalho de um laboratório de pesquisa em aerossóis. A chegada da covid teria intensificado a disputa em torno das formas de transmissão viral, transformando-a em questão pública com repercussão nas práticas de proteção disseminadas durante a pandemia. Diante das evidências científicas relacionadas à transmissão, os fatos científicos se apresentam de forma contextual e implicada em distintos discursos e intenções para a condução da crise sanitária. A pandemia de covid teria acelerado o reconhecimento da qualidade do ar interno como um problema de saúde pública que chama a atenção para o ar que respiramos, e as estratégias para a mitigação dos riscos associados ao "novo normal" precisam ser informadas por princípios de justiça social e direito à saúde. (AU)
This work investigates the production and circulation of scientific evidence on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with an emphasis on the scientific debate surrounding aerosol viral transmission and the implications of different understandings in prevention practices adopted around the world. Ethnographically driven, the research was conducted from the hashtag #covidisairborne, which had significant repercussion among scientists and activists on the social media platform Twitter, and analyzed various digital materials such as scientific articles, interviews, newsletters, and tweets published on the network as they circulated in the field, as well as following the work of an aerosol research laboratory. The advent of covid is said to have intensified the dispute over the modes of viral transmission, turning it into a public issue with repercussions on the disease prevention practices disseminated during the pandemic. In the face of scientific evidence related to transmission, scientific facts present themselves in a contextual manner and are implicated in different discourses and intentions for managing the health crisis. The covid pandemic is said to have accelerated the recognition of indoor air quality as a public health issue that draws attention to the air we breathe, and strategies for mitigating risks associated with the "new normal" need to be informed by principles of social justice and the right to health. (AU)
Subject(s)
Air Pollution, Indoor , Evidence-Based Medicine , COVID-19/prevention & control , Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets , Social Justice , Health Law , Personal Protective Equipment , Online Social NetworkingABSTRACT
Abstract: Angiosperm species growing in a fragment of Lowland Semideciduous Seasonal Forest in the Tapacurá Ecological Station (TES) in Pernambuco State (Brazil) were surveyed. Botanical collections to compose a species list were undertaken and these species identified by comparisons with specimens deposited in the HST, PEUFR and IPA herbaria, in addition to online database queries. A total of 479 species were identified, belonging to 81 families and 285 genera. The families with the largest numbers of species were Fabaceae (68), Rubiaceae (25), Malvaceae (20), Myrtaceae (20), Cyperaceae (19), Poaceae (19), Bromeliaceae (18), Euphorbiaceae (17), Asteraceae (16), and Sapindaceae (14), which together accounted for 49.27% of the total number of species. Great similarity was observed between our results and surveys of other lowland forests in northeastern Brazil, with the families Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Myrtaceae having the greatest species richness. This study added 44 new occurrences for Pernambuco State, demonstrating the richness and abundance of TES taxa and the importance of their conservation to the regional flora.
Resumo: Angiospermas da Estação Ecológica de Tapacurá (EET), localizada em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual de Terras Baixas, Floresta Atlântica, foram analisadas. Coletas botânicas foram realizadas para compor uma lista de espécies e essas espécies identificadas por comparação com espécimes depositados nos herbários HST, PEUFR e IPA, além de consultas a banco de dados online. Um total de 479 espécies foram identificadas, pertencentes a 81 famílias e 285 gêneros. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (68), Rubiaceae (25), Malvaceae (20), Myrtaceae (20), Cyperaceae (19), Poaceae (19), Bromeliaceae (18), Euphorbiaceae (17), Asteraceae (16) e Sapindaceae (14), que juntas representaram 49,27% do número total de espécies. Grande semelhança foi observada entre nossos resultados e levantamentos de outras florestas de várzea no nordeste do Brasil, com as famílias Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Myrtaceae apresentando a maior riqueza de espécies. Este estudo adicionou 44 novas ocorrências para o Estado de Pernambuco, demonstrando a riqueza e abundância dos táxons de TES e a importância de sua conservação para a flora regional.
Subject(s)
Humans , Book Reviews as Topic , Health-Disease Process , Social Stigma , Social Oppression , ObesityABSTRACT
O objetivo da presente dissertação é refletir sobre que é considerado atipicidade na anorexia nervosa, especialmente os casos entendidos como atípicos pelo peso corporal. Nas imagens que circulam entre diferentes veículos de mídia e alimentam o imaginário social, o corpo anoréxico é feminino, branco, jovem e extremamente emagrecido; tem costelas ressaltadas e o corpo esguio. Essa percepção acaba inferindo erroneamente sobre o reconhecimento da presença e da gravidade do transtorno alimentar: pessoas podem ser naturalmente magras sem dietas e pessoas consideradas "acima do peso" podem desenvolver relações conturbadas de restrição alimentar. Para a pesquisa, quatro mulheres autodenominadas gordas e duas profissionais de saúde foram ouvidas em entrevistas presenciais. Acredito que a experiência da anorexia nervosa em pessoas que não se encaixam no critério diagnóstico de "peso corporal significativamente baixo" nos auxilia a pensar as fronteiras entre típico e atípico, entre peso normal e anormal, entre saudável e doente. O critério de peso corporal pode distanciar de um tratamento qualificado pessoas em notável sofrimento psíquico, mas que não necessariamente possuem o Índice de Massa Corporal em um valor considerado baixo o suficiente para receberem tal diagnóstico.
The goal of the present dissertation is to reflect upon what is considered "atypical" in anorexia nervosa, particularly in cases determined as atypical because of body weight. In the images disseminated by various media platforms that feed social repertoire, the anorexic body is feminine, white, young and extremely thinned: they have their ribs emphasized and their waist is very slim. This perception ends up inferring erroneously on the detection of the presence or the gravity of eating disorders: people can be naturally thin without diets and people considered "overweight" can develop problematic patterns of eating restrictions. This research consists of presential interviews with four women that self-identify as fat as well as two health professionals. I believe that the experience of anorexia nervosa by people that don't "fit" the diagnostic's criteria of "significantly lowered body weight" helps bringing our attention to the frontiers between typical and atypical, over and underweight, healthy and unhealthy. A body weight criteria can distance people in high levels of suffering but that don't necessarily have what's considered a "low" BMI from qualified treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Women , Body Image , Body Weight , Anorexia Nervosa , Obesity , Qualitative Research , Anthropology, MedicalABSTRACT
Abstract: A synopsis of the Dalechampia from Northeastern Brazil is presented here, with discussions of their diagnostic features. The study was based on the analysis of herbarium material (including historical collections and types), specimens collected in the field, and bibliographic documentation. Twenty-eight species distributed among five sections were recognized, 19 of them endemic to Brazil. Most of the species are found in Caatinga and Atlantic Forest vegetation. A key for species identifications is provided, together with illustrations, and information on their geographic distributions and conservation statuses.
Resumo: Uma sinopse da Dalechampia do Nordeste do Brasil é apresentada aqui com uma discussão sobre as características diagnósticas. O estudo foi baseado na análise de materiais de herbário (incluindo coleções históricas e tipos), espécimes coletados durante o trabalho de campo, além de documentação bibliográfica. Vinte e oito espécies distribuídas em cinco seções foram reconhecidas, 19 delas endêmicas no Brasil. A maioria das espécies está distribuída na Caatinga e na Mata Atlântica. Uma chave para a identificação de espécies é fornecida juntamente com ilustrações, informações sobre as distribuições geográficas e status de conservação.
ABSTRACT
A voriconazole-resistant isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus was recovered from an immunocompetent patient receiving long-term antifungal therapy for cerebral aspergillosis. A G448S amino acid substitution in the azole target (Cyp51A) was identified as the cause of the resistance phenotype. This article describes the first isolation of a voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolate from an immunocompetent patient in Spain.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Aspergillus fumigatus/drug effects , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Fungal Proteins/genetics , Mutation, Missense , Neuroaspergillosis/microbiology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Triazoles/pharmacology , Amino Acid Substitution , Aspergillus fumigatus/genetics , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolation & purification , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Spain , VoriconazoleABSTRACT
We compared the in vitro activities of isavuconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole against Dipodascus capitatus (n = 21), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (n = 20), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (n = 18), and Trichosporon spp. (n = 15). The MIC(50)s, MIC(90)s, and MIC ranges (in microg/ml) obtained using the CLSI M27-A3 procedure were as follows: isavuconazole, 0.125, 0.5, and < or = 0.015 to 2; posaconazole, 0.5, 2, and < or = 0.015 to > 16; voriconazole, 0.125, 2, and < or = 0.015 to 8; and fluconazole, 4, > 128, and < or = 0.125 to > 128. Isavuconazole showed potent activity against the isolates studied.
